The Master Argument is evidently based on the mutual incompatibility of the following three principles: 1) everything past that is true is necessary; 2) an impossibility cannot follow a possibility; 3) something which is neither true nor ever will be true is possible.
Diodorus saw the inconsistency; his solution was to concede the truth of the first pair of propositions, but maintain (in defiance of the third) that nothing is possible which neither is nor ever will be true. [2] He was followed by someone who maintained the truth of the other two: 3) that something is possible which neither is true now nor ever will be, and 2) that an impossibility does not follow a possibility – but not 1) that everything past that is true is necessary. Cleanthes’ school, in fact, seems to have upheld the latter view, and Antipater mainly agreed with him. [3] And some defend the other set of principles: 3) that something is possible which neither is true nor ever will be, and 1) everything past that is true is necessary – but, in opposition to 2), assert that an impossibility can follow a possibility. [4] To retain all three, though, is impossible because they are mutually incompatible.
Discourses 2.19.1
Today’s meditation
The underlying Stoic issue here is the nature of possibility, necessity, and truth. The passage from Discourses 2.19.1 presents the Master Argument, highlighting the incompatibility of three principles.
As we reflect on this passage, it reveals that living well requires acknowledging the limitations and boundaries of what is possible and necessary. The Stoic reasoning, as seen in the Master Argument, encourages us to examine our assumptions about what can and cannot be.
To apply this insight today, consider the things you deem necessary or possible. Ask yourself: "Are these truly within my control, or am I trying to force an impossibility?" Recognizing the distinction between what is possible and what is not can help you focus on what you can control and let go of unnecessary desires or anxieties.
As you navigate your day, remember that some things are indeed necessary, while others are merely preferred. By acknowledging this distinction, you can cultivate a sense of acceptance and inner strength, allowing you to live more in harmony with the present moment.
What is one thing you consider necessary today that might actually be a preference, and how might letting go of that preference change your approach?